std_function.h

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// Implementation of std::function -*- C++ -*-

// Copyright (C) 2004-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

/** @file include/bits/std_function.h
 *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
 *  Do not attempt to use it directly. @headername{functional}
 */

#ifndef _GLIBCXX_STD_FUNCTION_H
#define _GLIBCXX_STD_FUNCTION_H 1

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_SYSHDR
#pragma GCC system_header
#endif

#if __cplusplus < 201103L
# include <bits/c++0x_warning.h>
#else

#include <new>                // placement new
#include <typeinfo>           // typeid
#include <bits/invoke.h>      // __invoke_r
#include <bits/refwrap.h>     // ref wrapper, _Maybe_unary_or_binary_function
#include <bits/functexcept.h> // __throw_bad_function_call

namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION

  /**
   *  @brief Exception class thrown when class template function's
   *  operator() is called with an empty target.
   *  @ingroup exceptions
   */
  class bad_function_call : public std::exception
  {
  public:
    virtual ~bad_function_call() noexcept;

    const char* what() const noexcept;
  };

  /**
   *  Trait identifying "location-invariant" types, meaning that the
   *  address of the object (or any of its members) will not escape.
   *  Trivially copyable types are location-invariant and users can
   *  specialize this trait for other types.
   */
  template<typename _Tp>
    struct __is_location_invariant
    : is_trivially_copyable<_Tp>::type
    { };

  class _Undefined_class;

  union _Nocopy_types
  {
    void*       _M_object;
    const void* _M_const_object;
    void (*_M_function_pointer)();
    void (_Undefined_class::*_M_member_pointer)();
  };

  union [[gnu::may_alias]] _Any_data
  {
    void*       _M_access()       noexcept { return &_M_pod_data[0]; }
    const void* _M_access() const noexcept { return &_M_pod_data[0]; }

    template<typename _Tp>
      _Tp&
      _M_access() noexcept
      { return *static_cast<_Tp*>(_M_access()); }

    template<typename _Tp>
      const _Tp&
      _M_access() const noexcept
      { return *static_cast<const _Tp*>(_M_access()); }

    _Nocopy_types _M_unused;
    char _M_pod_data[sizeof(_Nocopy_types)];
  };

  enum _Manager_operation
  {
    __get_type_info,
    __get_functor_ptr,
    __clone_functor,
    __destroy_functor
  };

  template<typename _Signature>
    class function;

  /// Base class of all polymorphic function object wrappers.
  class _Function_base
  {
  public:
    static const size_t _M_max_size = sizeof(_Nocopy_types);
    static const size_t _M_max_align = __alignof__(_Nocopy_types);

    template<typename _Functor>
      class _Base_manager
      {
      protected:
        static const bool __stored_locally =
        (__is_location_invariant<_Functor>::value
         && sizeof(_Functor) <= _M_max_size
         && __alignof__(_Functor) <= _M_max_align
         && (_M_max_align % __alignof__(_Functor) == 0));

        using _Local_storage = integral_constant<bool, __stored_locally>;

        // Retrieve a pointer to the function object
        static _Functor*
        _M_get_pointer(const _Any_data& __source) noexcept
        {
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wc++17-extensions" // if constexpr
          if constexpr (__stored_locally)
            {
              const _Functor& __f = __source._M_access<_Functor>();
              return const_cast<_Functor*>(std::__addressof(__f));
            }
          else // have stored a pointer
            return __source._M_access<_Functor*>();
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
        }

      private:
        // Construct a location-invariant function object that fits within
        // an _Any_data structure.
        template<typename _Fn>
          static void
          _M_create(_Any_data& __dest, _Fn&& __f, true_type)
          {
            ::new (__dest._M_access()) _Functor(std::forward<_Fn>(__f));
          }

        // Construct a function object on the heap and store a pointer.
        template<typename _Fn>
          static void
          _M_create(_Any_data& __dest, _Fn&& __f, false_type)
          {
            __dest._M_access<_Functor*>()
              = new _Functor(std::forward<_Fn>(__f));
          }

        // Destroy an object stored in the internal buffer.
        static void
        _M_destroy(_Any_data& __victim, true_type)
        {
          __victim._M_access<_Functor>().~_Functor();
        }

        // Destroy an object located on the heap.
        static void
        _M_destroy(_Any_data& __victim, false_type)
        {
          delete __victim._M_access<_Functor*>();
        }

      public:
        static bool
        _M_manager(_Any_data& __dest, const _Any_data& __source,
                   _Manager_operation __op)
        {
          switch (__op)
            {
            case __get_type_info:
#if __cpp_rtti
              __dest._M_access<const type_info*>() = &typeid(_Functor);
#else
              __dest._M_access<const type_info*>() = nullptr;
#endif
              break;

            case __get_functor_ptr:
              __dest._M_access<_Functor*>() = _M_get_pointer(__source);
              break;

            case __clone_functor:
              _M_init_functor(__dest,
                  *const_cast<const _Functor*>(_M_get_pointer(__source)));
              break;

            case __destroy_functor:
              _M_destroy(__dest, _Local_storage());
              break;
            }
          return false;
        }

        template<typename _Fn>
          static void
          _M_init_functor(_Any_data& __functor, _Fn&& __f)
          noexcept(__and_<_Local_storage,
                          is_nothrow_constructible<_Functor, _Fn>>::value)
          {
            _M_create(__functor, std::forward<_Fn>(__f), _Local_storage());
          }

        template<typename _Signature>
          static bool
          _M_not_empty_function(const function<_Signature>& __f) noexcept
          { return static_cast<bool>(__f); }

        template<typename _Tp>
          static bool
          _M_not_empty_function(_Tp* __fp) noexcept
          { return __fp != nullptr; }

        template<typename _Class, typename _Tp>
          static bool
          _M_not_empty_function(_Tp _Class::* __mp) noexcept
          { return __mp != nullptr; }

        template<typename _Tp>
          static bool
          _M_not_empty_function(const _Tp&) noexcept
          { return true; }
      };

    _Function_base() = default;

    ~_Function_base()
    {
      if (_M_manager)
        _M_manager(_M_functor, _M_functor, __destroy_functor);
    }

    bool _M_empty() const { return !_M_manager; }

    using _Manager_type
      = bool (*)(_Any_data&, const _Any_data&, _Manager_operation);

    _Any_data     _M_functor{};
    _Manager_type _M_manager{};
  };

  template<typename _Signature, typename _Functor>
    class _Function_handler;

  template<typename _Res, typename _Functor, typename... _ArgTypes>
    class _Function_handler<_Res(_ArgTypes...), _Functor>
    : public _Function_base::_Base_manager<_Functor>
    {
      using _Base = _Function_base::_Base_manager<_Functor>;

    public:
      static bool
      _M_manager(_Any_data& __dest, const _Any_data& __source,
                 _Manager_operation __op)
      {
        switch (__op)
          {
#if __cpp_rtti
          case __get_type_info:
            __dest._M_access<const type_info*>() = &typeid(_Functor);
            break;
#endif
          case __get_functor_ptr:
            __dest._M_access<_Functor*>() = _Base::_M_get_pointer(__source);
            break;

          default:
            _Base::_M_manager(__dest, __source, __op);
          }
        return false;
      }

      static _Res
      _M_invoke(const _Any_data& __functor, _ArgTypes&&... __args)
      {
        return std::__invoke_r<_Res>(*_Base::_M_get_pointer(__functor),
                                     std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
      }

      template<typename _Fn>
        static constexpr bool
        _S_nothrow_init() noexcept
        {
          return __and_<typename _Base::_Local_storage,
                        is_nothrow_constructible<_Functor, _Fn>>::value;
        }
    };

  // Specialization for invalid types
  template<>
    class _Function_handler<void, void>
    {
    public:
      static bool
      _M_manager(_Any_data&, const _Any_data&, _Manager_operation)
      { return false; }
    };

  /**
   *  @brief Polymorphic function wrapper.
   *  @ingroup functors
   *  @since C++11
   */
  template<typename _Res, typename... _ArgTypes>
    class function<_Res(_ArgTypes...)>
    : public _Maybe_unary_or_binary_function<_Res, _ArgTypes...>,
      private _Function_base
    {
      // Equivalent to std::decay_t except that it produces an invalid type
      // if the decayed type is the current specialization of std::function.
      template<typename _Func,
               bool _Self = is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Func>, function>::value>
        using _Decay_t
          = typename __enable_if_t<!_Self, decay<_Func>>::type;

      template<typename _Func,
               typename _DFunc = _Decay_t<_Func>,
               typename _Res2 = __invoke_result<_DFunc&, _ArgTypes...>>
        struct _Callable
        : __is_invocable_impl<_Res2, _Res>::type
        { };

      template<typename _Cond, typename _Tp = void>
        using _Requires = __enable_if_t<_Cond::value, _Tp>;

      template<typename _Functor>
        using _Handler
          = _Function_handler<_Res(_ArgTypes...), __decay_t<_Functor>>;

    public:
      typedef _Res result_type;

      // [3.7.2.1] construct/copy/destroy

      /**
       *  @brief Default construct creates an empty function call wrapper.
       *  @post `!(bool)*this`
       */
      function() noexcept
      : _Function_base() { }

      /**
       *  @brief Creates an empty function call wrapper.
       *  @post @c !(bool)*this
       */
      function(nullptr_t) noexcept
      : _Function_base() { }

      /**
       *  @brief %Function copy constructor.
       *  @param __x A %function object with identical call signature.
       *  @post `bool(*this) == bool(__x)`
       *
       *  The newly-created %function contains a copy of the target of
       *  `__x` (if it has one).
       */
      function(const function& __x)
      : _Function_base()
      {
        if (static_cast<bool>(__x))
          {
            __x._M_manager(_M_functor, __x._M_functor, __clone_functor);
            _M_invoker = __x._M_invoker;
            _M_manager = __x._M_manager;
          }
      }

      /**
       *  @brief %Function move constructor.
       *  @param __x A %function object rvalue with identical call signature.
       *
       *  The newly-created %function contains the target of `__x`
       *  (if it has one).
       */
      function(function&& __x) noexcept
      : _Function_base(), _M_invoker(__x._M_invoker)
      {
        if (static_cast<bool>(__x))
          {
            _M_functor = __x._M_functor;
            _M_manager = __x._M_manager;
            __x._M_manager = nullptr;
            __x._M_invoker = nullptr;
          }
      }

      /**
       *  @brief Builds a %function that targets a copy of the incoming
       *  function object.
       *  @param __f A %function object that is callable with parameters of
       *  type `ArgTypes...` and returns a value convertible to `Res`.
       *
       *  The newly-created %function object will target a copy of
       *  `__f`. If `__f` is `reference_wrapper<F>`, then this function
       *  object will contain a reference to the function object `__f.get()`.
       *  If `__f` is a null function pointer, null pointer-to-member, or
       *  empty `std::function`, the newly-created object will be empty.
       *
       *  If `__f` is a non-null function pointer or an object of type
       *  `reference_wrapper<F>`, this function will not throw.
       */
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 2774. std::function construction vs assignment
      template<typename _Functor,
               typename _Constraints = _Requires<_Callable<_Functor>>>
        function(_Functor&& __f)
        noexcept(_Handler<_Functor>::template _S_nothrow_init<_Functor>())
        : _Function_base()
        {
          static_assert(is_copy_constructible<__decay_t<_Functor>>::value,
              "std::function target must be copy-constructible");
          static_assert(is_constructible<__decay_t<_Functor>, _Functor>::value,
              "std::function target must be constructible from the "
              "constructor argument");

          using _My_handler = _Handler<_Functor>;

          if (_My_handler::_M_not_empty_function(__f))
            {
              _My_handler::_M_init_functor(_M_functor,
                                           std::forward<_Functor>(__f));
              _M_invoker = &_My_handler::_M_invoke;
              _M_manager = &_My_handler::_M_manager;
            }
        }

      /**
       *  @brief Function assignment operator.
       *  @param __x A %function with identical call signature.
       *  @post `(bool)*this == (bool)x`
       *  @returns `*this`
       *
       *  The target of `__x` is copied to `*this`. If `__x` has no
       *  target, then `*this` will be empty.
       *
       *  If `__x` targets a function pointer or a reference to a function
       *  object, then this operation will not throw an exception.
       */
      function&
      operator=(const function& __x)
      {
        function(__x).swap(*this);
        return *this;
      }

      /**
       *  @brief Function move-assignment operator.
       *  @param __x A %function rvalue with identical call signature.
       *  @returns `*this`
       *
       *  The target of `__x` is moved to `*this`. If `__x` has no
       *  target, then `*this` will be empty.
       *
       *  If `__x` targets a function pointer or a reference to a function
       *  object, then this operation will not throw an exception.
       */
      function&
      operator=(function&& __x) noexcept
      {
        function(std::move(__x)).swap(*this);
        return *this;
      }

      /**
       *  @brief Function assignment to empty.
       *  @post `!(bool)*this`
       *  @returns `*this`
       *
       *  The target of `*this` is deallocated, leaving it empty.
       */
      function&
      operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept
      {
        if (_M_manager)
          {
            _M_manager(_M_functor, _M_functor, __destroy_functor);
            _M_manager = nullptr;
            _M_invoker = nullptr;
          }
        return *this;
      }

      /**
       *  @brief Function assignment to a new target.
       *  @param __f  A function object that is callable with parameters of
       *              type  `_ArgTypes...` and returns a value convertible
       *              to `_Res`.
       *  @return `*this`
       *  @since C++11
       *
       *  This function object wrapper will target a copy of `__f`. If `__f`
       *  is `reference_wrapper<F>`, then this function object will contain
       *  a reference to the function object `__f.get()`. If `__f` is a null
       *  function pointer or null pointer-to-member, this object will be
       *  empty.
       *
       *  If `__f` is a non-null function pointer or an object of type
       *  `reference_wrapper<F>`, this function will not throw.
       */
      template<typename _Functor>
        _Requires<_Callable<_Functor>, function&>
        operator=(_Functor&& __f)
        noexcept(_Handler<_Functor>::template _S_nothrow_init<_Functor>())
        {
          function(std::forward<_Functor>(__f)).swap(*this);
          return *this;
        }

      /// @overload
      template<typename _Functor>
        function&
        operator=(reference_wrapper<_Functor> __f) noexcept
        {
          function(__f).swap(*this);
          return *this;
        }

      // [3.7.2.2] function modifiers

      /**
       *  @brief Swap the targets of two %function objects.
       *  @param __x A %function with identical call signature.
       *
       *  Swap the targets of `this` function object and `__f`.
       *  This function will not throw exceptions.
       */
      void swap(function& __x) noexcept
      {
        std::swap(_M_functor, __x._M_functor);
        std::swap(_M_manager, __x._M_manager);
        std::swap(_M_invoker, __x._M_invoker);
      }

      // [3.7.2.3] function capacity

      /**
       *  @brief Determine if the %function wrapper has a target.
       *
       *  @return `true` when this function object contains a target,
       *  or `false` when it is empty.
       *
       *  This function will not throw exceptions.
       */
      explicit operator bool() const noexcept
      { return !_M_empty(); }

      // [3.7.2.4] function invocation

      /**
       *  @brief Invokes the function targeted by `*this`.
       *  @returns the result of the target.
       *  @throws `bad_function_call` when `!(bool)*this`
       *
       *  The function call operator invokes the target function object
       *  stored by `this`.
       */
      _Res
      operator()(_ArgTypes... __args) const
      {
        if (_M_empty())
          __throw_bad_function_call();
        return _M_invoker(_M_functor, std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
      }

#if __cpp_rtti
      // [3.7.2.5] function target access
      /**
       *  @brief Determine the type of the target of this function object
       *  wrapper.
       *
       *  @returns the type identifier of the target function object, or
       *  `typeid(void)` if `!(bool)*this`.
       *
       *  This function will not throw exceptions.
       */
      const type_info&
      target_type() const noexcept
      {
        if (_M_manager)
          {
            _Any_data __typeinfo_result;
            _M_manager(__typeinfo_result, _M_functor, __get_type_info);
            if (auto __ti =  __typeinfo_result._M_access<const type_info*>())
              return *__ti;
          }
        return typeid(void);
      }
#endif

      /**
       *  @brief Access the stored target function object.
       *
       *  @return Returns a pointer to the stored target function object,
       *  if `typeid(_Functor).equals(target_type())`; otherwise, a null
       *  pointer.
       *
       * This function does not throw exceptions.
       *
       * @{
       */
      template<typename _Functor>
        _Functor*
        target() noexcept
        {
          const function* __const_this = this;
          const _Functor* __func = __const_this->template target<_Functor>();
          // If is_function_v<_Functor> is true then const_cast<_Functor*>
          // would be ill-formed, so use *const_cast<_Functor**> instead.
          return *const_cast<_Functor**>(&__func);
        }

      template<typename _Functor>
        const _Functor*
        target() const noexcept
        {
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wc++17-extensions" // if constexpr
          if constexpr (is_object<_Functor>::value)
            {
              if (_M_manager == &_Handler<_Functor>::_M_manager
#if __cpp_rtti
                  || (_M_manager && typeid(_Functor) == target_type())
#endif
                 )
                {
                  _Any_data __ptr;
                  _M_manager(__ptr, _M_functor, __get_functor_ptr);
                  return __ptr._M_access<const _Functor*>();
                }
            }
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
          return nullptr;
        }
      /// @}

    private:
      using _Invoker_type = _Res (*)(const _Any_data&, _ArgTypes&&...);
      _Invoker_type _M_invoker = nullptr;
    };

#if __cpp_deduction_guides >= 201606
  template<typename>
    struct __function_guide_helper
    { };

  template<typename _Res, typename _Tp, bool _Nx, typename... _Args>
    struct __function_guide_helper<
      _Res (_Tp::*) (_Args...) noexcept(_Nx)
    >
    { using type = _Res(_Args...); };

  template<typename _Res, typename _Tp, bool _Nx, typename... _Args>
    struct __function_guide_helper<
      _Res (_Tp::*) (_Args...) & noexcept(_Nx)
    >
    { using type = _Res(_Args...); };

  template<typename _Res, typename _Tp, bool _Nx, typename... _Args>
    struct __function_guide_helper<
      _Res (_Tp::*) (_Args...) const noexcept(_Nx)
    >
    { using type = _Res(_Args...); };

  template<typename _Res, typename _Tp, bool _Nx, typename... _Args>
    struct __function_guide_helper<
      _Res (_Tp::*) (_Args...) const & noexcept(_Nx)
    >
    { using type = _Res(_Args...); };

#if __cpp_explicit_this_parameter >= 202110L
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 3617. function/packaged_task deduction guides and deducing this
  template<typename _Res, typename _Tp, bool _Nx, typename... _Args>
    struct __function_guide_helper<_Res (*) (_Tp, _Args...) noexcept(_Nx)>
    { using type = _Res(_Args...); };
#endif

#if __cpp_static_call_operator >= 202207L && __cpp_concepts >= 202002L
  template<typename _StaticCallOp>
    struct __function_guide_static_helper
    { };

  template<typename _Res, bool _Nx, typename... _Args>
    struct __function_guide_static_helper<_Res (*) (_Args...) noexcept(_Nx)>
    { using type = _Res(_Args...); };

  template<typename _Fn, typename _Op>
    using __function_guide_t = typename __conditional_t<
      requires (_Fn& __f) { (void) __f.operator(); },
      __function_guide_static_helper<_Op>,
      __function_guide_helper<_Op>>::type;
#else
  template<typename _Fn, typename _Op>
    using __function_guide_t = typename __function_guide_helper<_Op>::type;
#endif

  template<typename _Res, typename... _ArgTypes>
    function(_Res(*)(_ArgTypes...)) -> function<_Res(_ArgTypes...)>;

  template<typename _Fn, typename _Signature
             = __function_guide_t<_Fn, decltype(&_Fn::operator())>>
    function(_Fn) -> function<_Signature>;
#endif

  // [20.7.15.2.6] null pointer comparisons

  /**
   *  @brief Test whether a polymorphic function object wrapper is empty.
   *  @returns `true` if the wrapper has no target, `false` otherwise
   *
   *  This function will not throw exceptions.
   */
  template<typename _Res, typename... _Args>
    inline bool
    operator==(const function<_Res(_Args...)>& __f, nullptr_t) noexcept
    { return !static_cast<bool>(__f); }

#if __cpp_impl_three_way_comparison < 201907L
  /// @overload
  template<typename _Res, typename... _Args>
    inline bool
    operator==(nullptr_t, const function<_Res(_Args...)>& __f) noexcept
    { return !static_cast<bool>(__f); }

  /**
   *  @brief Test whether a polymorphic function object wrapper is non-empty.
   *  @returns `false` if the wrapper has no target, `true` otherwise
   *
   *  This function will not throw exceptions.
   */
  template<typename _Res, typename... _Args>
    inline bool
    operator!=(const function<_Res(_Args...)>& __f, nullptr_t) noexcept
    { return static_cast<bool>(__f); }

  /// @overload
  template<typename _Res, typename... _Args>
    inline bool
    operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<_Res(_Args...)>& __f) noexcept
    { return static_cast<bool>(__f); }
#endif

  // [20.7.15.2.7] specialized algorithms

  /**
   *  @brief Swap the targets of two polymorphic function object wrappers.
   *
   *  This function will not throw exceptions.
   */
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 2062. Effect contradictions w/o no-throw guarantee of std::function swaps
  template<typename _Res, typename... _Args>
    inline void
    swap(function<_Res(_Args...)>& __x, function<_Res(_Args...)>& __y) noexcept
    { __x.swap(__y); }

#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
  namespace __detail::__variant
  {
    template<typename> struct _Never_valueless_alt; // see <variant>

    // Provide the strong exception-safety guarantee when emplacing a
    // function into a variant.
    template<typename _Signature>
      struct _Never_valueless_alt<std::function<_Signature>>
      : std::true_type
      { };
  }  // namespace __detail::__variant
#endif // C++17

_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace std

#endif // C++11
#endif // _GLIBCXX_STD_FUNCTION_H